2-Minute Neuroscience: Direct Pathway of the Basal Ganglia

2-Minute Neuroscience: Direct Pathway of the Basal Ganglia

Neuroscientifically Challenged

4 года назад

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The direct pathway is a circuit in the basal ganglia best-known for its hypothesized role in movement. In this video, I discuss the structures that are considered part of the direct pathway, and explain how they are thought to work together to facilitate movement.

For an article (on my website) that explains basal ganglia function, click this link: https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/posts/what-are-basal-ganglia

TRANSCRIPT:

The basal ganglia are a group of structures that are generally considered to include the caudate and putamen (which are collectively known as the striatum), the globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. The globus pallidus is further divided into internal and external segments, and the substantia nigra is divided into the substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata. The direct pathway is a circuit in the basal ganglia best-known for its hypothesized role in movement.

The direct pathway model involves glutamate neurons that project from the thalamus to motor regions of the cerebral cortex. These excitatory projections are thought to be involved with stimulating movement. Neurons from the globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra pars reticulata, however, project to the thalamus and maintain a steady release of the neurotransmitter GABA which acts to inhibit the thalamic neurons and suppress movement. This mechanism is thought to be important in keeping unwanted movements from occurring. When we want to make a movement, however, information about the movement is sent from the cortex to the striatum via the corticostriatal pathway. Glutamate neurons in this pathway excite neurons in the striatum, and the activated striatal neurons release GABA in the globus pallidus internal and substantia nigra pars reticulata, inhibiting the activity of these regions and stopping the inhibition of neurons in the thalamus that are involved with movement. This effectively opens a gate for movement to occur. Activity along this pathway tends to occur just prior to a movement, and thus has been linked to the facilitation of movement.

The substantia nigra pars compacta is thought to modulate the activity of the direct pathway. Neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta travel to the striatum via the nigrostriatal pathway, and release dopamine in the striatum. One effect of this seems to be the facilitation of activity in the direct pathway.


References:

Lanciego JL, Luquin N, Obeso JA. Functional neuroanatomy of the basal ganglia. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2012 Dec 1;2(12):a009621. doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a009621.

Purves D, Augustine GJ, Fitzpatrick D, Hall WC, Lamantia AS, Mooney RD, Platt ML, White LE, eds. Neuroscience. 6th ed. New York. Sinauer Associates; 2018.


Special thanks to Nicole Lookfong for help with fact-checking the script for this video.

Тэги:

#basal_ganglia #brain #neuroscience #parkinson's #movement #direct_pathway
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Комментарии:

the_scrunchies_studio
the_scrunchies_studio - 09.04.2023 11:09

Can anyone plz explain me if strium send inhibitory Impulse to gpi so how can gpi send impulses to thalamus like if someone inhibit you so how can you work?

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Anna
Anna - 05.12.2022 13:53

I don't understand how the inhibition of the thalamus could excite the cortical neurons? And how can the inhibition of the thalamus result in activation of movement in the direct pathway but inhibition of movement in the indirect pathway? Could someone please explain 😭

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Anuishka Nanty
Anuishka Nanty - 12.10.2022 15:39

I love your videos; they are very simple and easy to understand. Thank you and keep it up. God bless you

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Syeda Zahra
Syeda Zahra - 16.09.2022 00:31

Great

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Kanu Lucy
Kanu Lucy - 05.07.2022 10:12

My question is
What is the pathway for Parkinson’s Disease

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Andrea Cortinas Orozco
Andrea Cortinas Orozco - 11.06.2022 18:37

thank youuuuuuu

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Aaron Sweeney
Aaron Sweeney - 03.06.2022 17:24

I am a psychology/biology double-major, and I was a research assistant in the laboratory of behavioral and neural plasticity for most of the duration of my undergraduate program. We were researching neural mechanisms that lead to substance use disorders, focusing on how long-term exposure to stimulant drugs of abuse negatively affect the mechanisms in the brain that regulate the release of dopamine. At any rate, this video reminded me of how much I enjoy learning about the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortico circuit!

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Random Content
Random Content - 20.02.2022 23:53

good explanation, nice and short, helpful

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Triskelion Games
Triskelion Games - 12.12.2021 23:08

Do the dopamine receptors have an excitatory or inhibitory effect? Because it your video it is stated that in the direct pathway the substantia nigra pars compacta has an excitatory effect on the striatum, but I have an image here that says otherwise. I am just checking, could you maybe explain why the substantia nigra pars compacta does have an excitatory effect here and not an inhibitory one?

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Khadijah
Khadijah - 02.12.2021 16:26

Amazing videos and so well explained!! :) I can definitely tell that these videos are going to save me in neuroanatomy lol

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Jingzhu Liao
Jingzhu Liao - 29.10.2021 08:12

Thanks! This video helped me a lot!

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Babbaluth
Babbaluth - 24.10.2021 21:44

this channel is amazing

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aleksa kopčić
aleksa kopčić - 04.06.2021 14:26

I Will inhibit your inhibition that you could excite me.

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MD
MD - 12.04.2021 06:39

good video !today i officially give up understanding and or memorizing this pathway and it shall forever remain vague and grey in my brain. i have made peace with that fact.

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EstherTalks
EstherTalks - 25.02.2021 15:30

Incredible video

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Assiya gue
Assiya gue - 09.01.2021 22:35

Thank u sm, ure just amazing!!!

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Alstroemeria
Alstroemeria - 01.01.2021 20:47

Thanks man, I'm already lost with all this CNS shenanigans just now until I found your channel.

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The Flash Unlimited
The Flash Unlimited - 19.12.2020 02:28

This was fucking amazing man. Thank you.

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Taulant Salihu
Taulant Salihu - 23.09.2020 12:38

Great video, neat and simple!

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S Singh
S Singh - 22.09.2020 13:41

Thankyou so much for explaining it in such an easy way to understand

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Blanca Teresa Pacheco Soto
Blanca Teresa Pacheco Soto - 21.09.2020 22:18

ALWAYS WILL BE GRATEFULL WITH YOU, YOUR EXPLANATION IS INCREDIBLE! THANK YOU

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Vikrant Rahi
Vikrant Rahi - 12.09.2020 17:02

Sir your text hide the content you have made... Please remove the Text

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Giorgos Granitsiotis
Giorgos Granitsiotis - 08.09.2020 22:50

youre a legend sir and im not an indian

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Janki thakkar
Janki thakkar - 05.08.2020 21:00

Thank you so much it is very helpful to understand in way you are teaching keep doing this

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Manasi Devakumar
Manasi Devakumar - 12.07.2020 22:04

This is the most straightforward and easy to understand explanation for the direct pathway. Thank you so much!

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maxwell
maxwell - 16.06.2020 07:25

So basically people who are good at dancing have a high functional basal ganglia?

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Patrick L.
Patrick L. - 18.01.2020 17:07

How timely, midterm next week on this. Good review video.

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Tariq Alanazi
Tariq Alanazi - 14.01.2020 07:36

Wow!

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XX YY
XX YY - 12.01.2020 21:52

Thank you and thumbs up. I may have missed this one, but what part of the brain produces free will? How does free will function? Thanks again.

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Fear
Fear - 12.01.2020 20:15

keep up the good work

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صخب رجل
صخب رجل - 11.01.2020 10:07

ياريت تنزل شرح باللغة الألمانية
لان اللغة الانجليزية لا اتقنها

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MarioNOOOO
MarioNOOOO - 10.01.2020 22:28

So the motorcortex recieve information from the thalamus, but how the thalamus get its signals? Is there a loop from motorcortex - thalamus - motorcortex?

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Melisa Altınyelek
Melisa Altınyelek - 10.01.2020 15:56

It has been so helpful just before my Advanced Physiological Psychology final. :D Thank you!

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shitbag
shitbag - 08.01.2020 19:12

Take care of yourself. Ya hear?

Videos are fun and helpful but stay healthy.

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Im Annoyed
Im Annoyed - 08.01.2020 15:12

I was looking for a video on this the other day on your channel and was disappointed to not have found it. Really happy to see this since you make the topic much easier to understand. Thank you for this :-)

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Helios
Helios - 08.01.2020 14:07

Great as always! Thank you for all the help!

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